ampicillin/ drug study

Generic Name:
Ampicillin sodiumDosage Form: for Injection, USP
For Intramuscular or Intravenous Injection

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Ampicillin and other antibacterial drugs, Ampicillin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.

Ampicillin Description
OAS_AD('Middle');
Ampicillin for Injection, USP the monosodium salt of [2S - [2α,5α,6β(S*)]] - 6 - [(aminophenylacetyl)amino] - 3,3 - dimethyl - 7 - oxo - 4 - thia - 1 - azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane - 2 - carboxylic acid, is a synthetic penicillin. It is an antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against both penicillin-susceptible Gram-positive organisms and many common Gram-negative pathogens.
It has the following chemical structure:
The empirical formula is C16H18N3NaO4S, and the molecular weight is 371.39. Ampicillin for Injection, USP contains 2.9 milliequivalents of sodium per 1 gram of drug.
Ampicillin - Clinical Pharmacology
Ampicillin for Injection, USP diffuses readily into most body tissues and fluids. However, penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid and brain occurs only when the meninges are inflamed. Ampicillin is excreted largely unchanged in the urine and its excretion can be delayed by concurrent administration of probenecid. The active form appears in the bile in higher concentrations than those found in serum. Ampicillin is the least serum-bound of all the penicillins, averaging about 20% compared to approximately 60 to 90% for other penicillins. Ampicillin for Injection, USP is well tolerated by most patients and has been given in doses of 2 grams daily for many weeks without adverse reactions.
Microbiology
While in vitro studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of most strains of the following organisms, clinical efficacy for infections other than those included in the
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
section has not been demonstrated.
The following bacteria have been shown in in vitro studies to be susceptible to Ampicillin:
GRAM-POSITIVE ORGANISMS: Hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, D. pneumoniae, nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci, Clostridia spp., B. anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, and most strains of enterococci.
GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS: H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Proteus mirabilis, and many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli.
Ampicillin does not resist destruction by penicillinase.
Susceptibility Tests
Ampicillin Susceptibility Test Discs, 10 µg, should be used to estimate the in vitro susceptibility of bacteria to Ampicillin.
Indications and Usage for Ampicillin
Ampicillin for Injection, USP is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the following conditions:
Respiratory tract Infections caused by S. pneumoniae (formerly D. pneumoniae). Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase and nonpenicillinase-producing), H. influenzae, and Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococci.
Bacterial Meningitis caused by E. coli, Group B Streptococci, and other Gram-negative bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, N. meningitidis). The addition of an aminoglycoside with Ampicillin may increase its effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria.
Septicemia and Endocarditis caused by susceptible Gram-positive organisms including Streptococcus sp., penicillin G-susceptible staphylococci, and enterococci. Gram-negative sepsis caused by E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella sp. respond to Ampicillin. Endocarditis due to enterococcal strains usually respond to intravenous therapy. The addition of an aminoglycoside may enhance the effectiveness of Ampicillin when treating streptoccoccal endocarditis.
Urinary Tract Infections caused by sensitve strains of E. coli and Proteus mirabilis.
Gastrointestinal Infections caused by Salmonella typhosa (typhoid fever), other Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. (dysentery) usually respond to oral or intravenous therapy.
Bacteriology studies to determine the causative organisms and their susceptibility to Ampicillin should be performed. Therapy may be instituted prior to obtaining results of susceptibility testing.
It is advisable to reserve the parenteral form of this drug for moderately severe and severe infections and for patients who are unable to take the oral forms. A change to oral Ampicillin may be made as soon as appropriate.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Ampicillin and other antibacterial drugs, Ampicillin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Indicated surgical procedures should be performed.
Contraindications
A history of a previous hypersensitivity reaction to any of the penicillins is a contraindication.
Warnings
Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactoid) reactions have been reported in patients on penicillin therapy. Although anaphylaxis is more frequent following parenteral therapy, it has occurred in patients on oral penicillins. These reactions are more apt to occur in individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity and/or a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens.
There have been well-documented reports of individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity reactions who have experienced severe hypersensitivity reactions when treated with a cephalosporin. Before initiating therapy with a penicillin, careful inquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins, and other allergens. If an allergic reaction occurs, the drug should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
SERIOUS ANAPHYLACTOID REACTIONS REQUIRE IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY TREATMENT WITH EPINEPHRINE, OXYGEN, INTRAVENOUS STEROIDS, AND AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING INTUBATION, SHOULD ALSO BE ADMINISTERED AS INDICATED.
Precautions
General
The possibility of superinfections with mycotic organisms or bacterial pathogens should be kept in mind during therapy. In such cases, discontinue the drug and substitute appropriate treatment.
A high percentage (43 to 100 percent) of patients with infectious mononucleosis who receive Ampicillin develop a skin rash. Typically, the rash appears 7 to 10 days after the start of oral Ampicillin therapy and remains for a few days to a week after the drug is discontinued. In most cases, the rash is maculopapular, pruritic, and generalized. Therefore, the administration of Ampicillin is not recommended in patients with mononucleosis. It is not known whether these patients are truly allergic to Ampicillin.
Prescribing Ampicillin in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Information for Patients
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Ampicillin should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Ampicillin is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may: (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Ampicillin or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Laboratory Tests
As with any potent drug, periodic assessment of organ system function, including renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic, should be made during prolonged therapy.
Transient elevation of serum transaminase has been observed following administration of Ampicillin. The significance of this finding is not known.
Drug Interactions
The concurrent administration of allopurinol and Ampicillin increases substantially the incidence of skin rashes in patients receiving both drugs as compared to patients receiving Ampicillin alone. It is not known whether this potentiation of Ampicillin rashes is due to allopurinol or the hyperuricemia present in these patients.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
With high urine concentrations of Ampicillin, false-positive glucose reactions may occur if Clinitest, Benedict's Solution, or Fehling's Solution are used. Therefore, it is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions (such as Clinistix or Tes-Tape) be used.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility
No long-term animal studies have been conducted with this drug.
Pregnancy - Category B
Reproduction studies have been performed in laboratory animals at doses several times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of adverse effects due to Ampicillin. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Labor and Delivery
Oral Ampicillin-class antibiotics are poorly absorbed during labor. Studies in guinea pigs showed that intravenous administration of Ampicillin slightly decreased the uterine tone and frequency of contractions, but moderately increased the height and duration of contractions. However, it is not known whether use of these drugs in humans during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, prolongs the duration of labor, or increases the likelihood that forceps delivery or other obstetrical intervention or resuscitation of the newborn will be necessary.
Nursing Mothers
Ampicillin is excreted in trace amounts in human milk. Therefore, caution should be exercised when Ampicillin-class antibiotics are administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
Guidelines for the administration of these drugs to children are presented in
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
Adverse Reactions
As with other penicillins, it may be expected that untoward reactions will be essentially limited to sensitivity phenomena. They are more likely to occur in individuals who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to penicillins and in those with a history of allergy, asthma, hay fever, or urticaria.
The following adverse reactions have been reported as associated with the use of Ampicillin:
Gastrointestinal
Glossitis, stomatitis, black "hairy" tongue, nausea, vomiting, enterocolitis, pseudomembranous colitis, and diarrhea. (These reactions are usually associated with oral dosage forms.)
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Skin rashes and urticaria have been reported frequently. A few cases of exfoliative dermatitis and erythema multiforme have been reported. Anaphylaxis is the most serious reaction experienced and has usually been associated with the parenteral dosage form.
Note: Urticaria, other skin rashes, and serum sickness-like reactions may be controlled with antihistamines and, if necessary, systemic corticosteroids. Whenever such reactions occur, Ampicillin should be discontinued, unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition being treated is life-threatening and amenable only to Ampicillin therapy. Serious anaphylactic reactions require the immediate use of epinephrine, oxygen, and intravenous steroids.
Liver– A moderate rise in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) has been noted, particularly in infants, but the significance of this finding is unknown. Mild transitory SGOT elevations have been observed in individuals receiving larger (two to four times) than usual and oft-repeated intramuscular injections. Evidence indicates that glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) is released at the site of intramuscular injection of Ampicillin sodium and that the presence of increased amounts of this enzyme in the blood does not necessarily indicate liver involvement.
Hemic and Lymphatic Systems– Anemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, eosinophilia, leukopenia, and agranulocytosis have been reported during therapy with the penicillins. These reactions are usually reversible on discontinuation of therapy and are believed to be hypersensitivity phenomena.
Overdosage
In cases of overdose, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically, and institute supportive measures as required. In patients with renal function impairment, Ampicillin-class antibiotics can be removed by hemodialysis but not peritoneal dialysis.
Ampicillin Dosage and Administration
Infections of the respiratory tract and soft tissues.
Patients weighing 40 kg (88 lbs) or more: 250 to 500 mg every 6 hours.
Patients weighing less than 40 kg (88 lbs): 25 to 50 mg/kg/day in equally divided doses at 6- to 8- hour intervals.
Infections of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts (including those caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae in females).
Patients weighing 40 kg (88 lbs) or more: 500 mg every 6 hours.
Patients weighing less than 40 kg (88 lbs): 50 mg/kg/day in equally divided doses at 6- to 8- hour intervals.
In the treatment of chronic urinary tract and intestinal infections, frequent bacteriological and clinical appraisal is necessary. Smaller doses than those recommended above should not be used. Higher doses should be used for stubborn or severe infections. In stubborn infections, therapy may be required for several weeks. It may be necessary to continue clinical and/or bacteriological follow-up for several months after cessation of therapy.
Urethritis in males due to N. gonorrhoeae.
Adults – Two doses of 500 mg each at an interval of 8 to 12 hours. Treatment may be repeated if necessary or extended if required.
In the treatment of complications of gonorrheal urethritis, such as prostatitis and epididymitis, prolonged and intensive therapy is recommended. Cases of gonorrhea with a suspected primary lesion of syphilis should have darkfield examinations before receiving treatment. In all other cases where concomitant syphilis is suspected, monthly serological tests should be made for a minimum of four months. The doses for the preceding infections may be given by either the intramuscular or intravenous route. A change to oral Ampicillin may be made when appropriate.
Bacterial Meningitis
Adults and children – 150 to 200 mg/kg/day in equally divided doses every 3 to 4 hours. (Treatment may be initiated with intravenous drip therapy and continued with intramuscular injections.) The doses for other infections may be given by either the intravenous or intramuscular route.
Septicemia
Adults and children – 150 to 200 mg/kg/day. Start with intravenous administration for at least three days and continue with the intramuscular route every 3 to 4 hours.
Treatment of all infections should be continued for a minimum of 48 to 72 hours beyond the time that the patient becomes asymptomatic or evidence of bacterial eradication has been obtained. A minimum of 10-days treatment is recommended for any infection caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci to help prevent the occurrence of acute rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
Use only freshly prepared solutions. Intramuscular and intravenous injections should be administered within one hour after preparation since the potency may decrease significantly after this period.
For Intramuscular Use– Dissolve contents of a vial with the amount of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, listed in the table below:
NDC 0781
LabelClaim
RecommendedAmount ofDiluent
WithdrawableVolume
Concentration(in mg/mL)
3400-95
125 mg
1.2 mL
1.0 mL
125 mg
3402-95
250 mg
1.0 mL
1.0 mL
250 mg
3407-95
500 mg
1.8 mL
2.0 mL
250 mg
3404-95
1 gram
3.5 mL
4.0 mL
250 mg
3408-95
2 gram
6.8 mL
8.0 mL
250 mg
While Ampicillin for Injection, USP, 1 g and 2 g, are primarily for intravenous use, they may be administered intramusculary when the 250 mg or 500 mg vials are unavailable. In such instances, dissolve in 3.5 or 6.8 mL Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, respectively. The resulting solution will provide a concentration of 250 mg per mL.
Ampicillin for Injection, USP, 125 mg, is intended primarily for pediatric use. It also serves as a convenient dosage form when small parenteral doses of the antibiotic are required.
For Direct Intravenous Use– Add 5 mL Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP to the 125, 250, and 500 mg vials and administer slowly over a 3- to 5- minute period. Ampicillin for Injection, USP, 1 g or 2 g, may also be given by direct Intravenous administration. Dissolve in 7.4 or 14.8 mL Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, respectively, and administer slowly over at least 10 to 15 minutes. CAUTION: More rapid administration may result in convulsive seizures.
For Administration by Intravenous Drip– Reconstitute as directed above (For Direct Intravenous Use) prior to diluting with Intravenous Solution. Stability studies on Ampicillin sodium at several concentrations in various intravenous solutions indicate the drug will lose less than 10% activitiy at the temperatures noted for the time periods stated.
Room Temperature (25° C)
Diluent
Concentrations
StabilityPeriods
Sterile Water for Injection
up to 30 mg/mL
8 hours
Isotonic Sodium Chloride
up to 30 mg/mL
8 hours
5% Dextrose in Water
10 to 20 mg/mL
1 hour
5% Dextrose in Water
up to 2 mg/mL
2 hours
5% Dextrose in 0.45% NaCl
up to 2 mg/mL
2 hours
Lactated Ringer's Solution
up to 30 mg/mL
8 hours



Refrigerated (4° C)
Diluent
Concentrations
StabilityPeriods
Sterile Water for Injection
30 mg/mL
48 hours
Sterile Water for Injection
up to 20 mg/mL
72 hours
Isotonic Sodium Chloride
30 mg/mL
24 hours
Isotonic Sodium Chloride
up to 20 mg/mL
48 hours
Lactated Ringer's Solution
up to 30 mg/mL
24 hours
5% Dextrose in Water
up to 20 mg/mL
1 hour
5% Dextrose and 0.45% NaCl
up to 10 mg/mL
1 hour
Only those solutions listed above should be used for the intravenous infusion of Ampicillin for injection, USP. The concentrations should fall within the range specified. The drug concentration and the rate and volume of the infusion should be adjusted so that the total dose of Ampicillin is administered before the drug loses its stability in the solution in use.
Pharmacy Bulk Package– This glass vial contains 10 grams Ampicillin and is designed for use in the pharmacy in preparing IV additives. Add 94 mL Sterile Water for Injection, USP. The resulting solution will contain 100 milligrams Ampicillin activity per mL, and is stable up to one hour at room temperature. Diluting further within one hour from 5 mg to 10 mg per mL, the resulting solution will remain stable for 8 hours at room temperature or 72 hours under refrigeration.
CAUTION: NOT TO BE DISPENSED AS A UNIT.
How is Ampicillin Supplied
Ampicillin for Injection, USP for IM or IV Injection. Ampicillin sodium equivalent to 125, 250, 500 mg, 1, 2, or 10 grams Ampicillin per vial.
NDC 0781-3400-95 125 mg vial packaged in 10s NDC 0781-3402-95 250 mg vial packaged in 10s NDC 0781-3407-95 500 mg vial packaged in 10s NDC 0781-3404-95 1 gram vial packaged in 10s NDC 0781-3408-95 2 gram vial packaged in 10s NDC 0781-3409-95 10 gram Pharmacy Bulk Package packaged in 10s
Manufactured bySandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austriafor Sandoz Inc., Broomfield, CO 80020
Ampicillin Ampicillin sodium injection, powder, for solution
Product Information
Product Type
HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG
NDC Product Code (Source)
0781-3400
Route of Administration
INTRAVENOUS
DEA Schedule

INGREDIENTS
Name (Active Moiety)
Type
Strength
Ampicillin Sodium (Ampicillin)
Active
125 MILLIGRAM In 1 VIAL
Product Characteristics
Color

NDC
Package Description
Multilevel Packaging
1
0781-3400-95
10 VIAL In 1 PACKAGE
contains a VIAL, GLASS (0781-3400-78)
1
0781-3400-78
1 VIAL In 1 VIAL, GLASS
This package is contained within the PACKAGE (0781-3400-95)
Ampicillin Ampicillin sodium injection, powder, for solution
Product Information
Product Type
HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG
NDC Product Code (Source)
0781-3402
Route of Administration
INTRAVENOUS
DEA Schedule

INGREDIENTS
Name (Active Moiety)
Type
Strength
Ampicillin sodium (Ampicillin)
Active
250 MILLIGRAM In 1 VIAL
Product Characteristics
Color

Score

Shape
Size
Flavor
Imprint Code
Contains

Packaging
#
NDC
Package Description
Multilevel Packaging
1
0781-3402-95
10 VIAL In 1 PACKAGE
contains a VIAL, GLASS (0781-3402-78)
1
0781-3402-78
1 VIAL In 1 VIAL, GLASS
This package is contained within the PACKAGE (0781-3402-95)
Ampicillin Ampicillin sodium injection, powder, for solution
Product Information
Product Type
HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG
NDC Product Code (Source)
0781-3407
Route of Administration
INTRAVENOUS
DEA Schedule